Essay Writing Guidee-Jordan B Peterson -OPENAI Translaton

You can use this word document to write an excellent essay from beginning to end, using aten-step process. Most of the time, students or would-be essay writers are provided only with basic information about how to write, and most of that information concentrates on the details of formatting. These are necessary details, but writing is obviously far more than mereformatting. If you write your essay according to this plan, and you complete every step, you will produce an essay that is at least very good. You will also learn exactly how to write an essay, which is something very valuable to learn. To start writing your essay, goto the next page, for Part One: Introduction.你可以使用这个Word文档，通过一个十步骤的过程，从头到尾写一篇出色的论文。大多数时候，学生或潜在的论文作者只获得了关于如何写作的基本信息，而这些信息大部分集中在格式细节上。这些是必要的细节，但显然写作不仅仅是格式排版。如果你按照这个 规划好每一步，完成每一项任务，你将创作出至少是非常好的文章。你也将确切地学会如何 写一篇文章，这是非常有价值的学习内容。 要开始写你的论文，请翻到下一页，第一部分：引言。

Jordan B Peterson 乔丹·B·彼得森

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION What is an essay?第一部分：引言 什么是文章？

An essay is a relatively short piece of writing on a particular topic. However, the word essay also means attempt or try. An essay is, therefore,a short piece written by someone attempting to explore a topic or answer a question. 一篇文章是关于特定主题的相对较短的写作作品。然而，这个词

“essay”也意味着尝试或试图。因此，一篇文章是某人试图探索一个主题或回答一个问题所写的短文。

Why bother writing an essay? 为什么要费心写一篇文章？

Most of the time, students write essays only because they are required to do so by a classroom instructor. Thus, students come to believe that essays are important primarily to demonstrate their knowledge to a teacher or professor. This is simply, and dangerously, wrong (eventhough such writing for demonstration maybe practically necessary). 大多数时候，学生之所以写作文，只是因为他们被要求这么做

教室讲师。因此，学生们开始相信，写作文主要是为了向老师或教授展示他们的知识。这种想法简直是，而且非常危险地，

即使这样的写作用于演示在实践中可能是必要的，也是错误的。

The primary reason to write an essay is so that the writer can formulate and organize an informed, coherent and sophisticated set of ideas about something important. Why is it important to bother with developing sophisticated ideas, in turn? It’s because there is no difference between doing so and thinking, for starters. It is important to think because action based on thinking is likely to be far less painful and more productive than action based upon ignorance. So, if you want to have a life characterized by competence, productivity, security, originality and engagement rather than one that is nasty, brutish and short, you need to think carefully about important issues. There is no better way to do so than to write. This is because writing extends your memory, facilitates editing and clarifies your thinking. 撰写文章的主要原因是为了让作者能够构思和

组织一套关于重要事物的明智、连贯和复杂的观点体系。

为什么反过来说，烦恼于发展复杂的想法很重要呢？这是因为

开始时做这件事和思考之间没有区别。思考是重要的。

因为基于思考的行动可能会远远不那么痛苦，而且更有成效

基于无知的行动。所以，如果你想要一个以能力为特征的生活，

要追求一个高效、安全、有创意和参与度高的环境，而不是一个令人不快、野蛮和短暂的环境，你需要仔细思考重要问题。没有比这更好的方法了。

比起写作，写作能够扩展你的记忆，便于编辑并澄清你的思考。

You can write down more than you can easily remember, so that your capacity to consider a number of ideas at the sametime is broadened. Furthermore, once those ideas are written down, you can move them around and change them, word by word, sentence by sentence, and paragraph by paragraph. You can also reject ideas that appear substandard, after you consider them more carefully. If you reject substandard ideas, then all that you will have left will be good ideas. You can keep those, and use them. Then you will have good, original ideas at your fingertips, and you will be able to organize and communicate them. Consider your success over the course of a lifetime. Here is something to think about: the person who can formulate and communicate the best argument almost always wins. If you want a job, you have to make a case for yourself. If you want a raise, you have to convince someone that you deserve it. If you are trying to convince someone of the validity of your idea, you have to debate its merits successfully, particularly if there are others with other competing ideas. 你可以记录下比你容易记住的更多内容，这样你同时考虑多个想法的能力就会扩大。此外，一旦这些想法被

写下来后，你可以移动它们并逐字逐句地更改它们，

逐句、逐段地翻译。你也可以在仔细考虑后拒绝那些看起来不合格的想法。如果你拒绝了不合格的想法，那么你剩下的将都是好想法。你可以保留这些好想法，并使用它们。那么你将会

手头有好的、原创的想法，你将能够组织并传达它们。

在考虑你一生的成功时，这里有一点值得思考：能够制定并传达最佳论点的人几乎总是会赢。如果你想要一份工作，你必须为自己提出理由。如果你想要加薪，你必须说服别人你值得这样做。如果你试图说服某人你的想法是有效的，你必须成功地辩论其优点，尤其是当有其他人有其他竞争性想法时。

If you sharpen your capacity to think and to communicate as a consequence of writing, you are better armed. The penis mightier than the sword, as the saying goes. This is no cheap 如果你通过写作提高了思考和沟通的能力，你就更加得心应手。俗话说，笔尖胜于剑锋。这不是廉价的

cliché. Ideas change the world, particularly when they are written. The Romans built buildings, and the Romans and the buildings are both gone. The Jews wrote a book, and they are still here, and so is the book. So it turns out that words may well last longer than stone, and have more impact than whole empires.陈词滥调。观念改变世界，尤其是当它们被写下来的时候。罗马人建造了 建筑物消失了，罗马人和建筑物都不复存在。犹太人写了一本书，他们至今仍在，书也是如此。因此，事实证明，文字可能比石头更持久，比整个帝国更有影响力。

If you learn to write and to edit, you will also be able to tell the difference between good ideas, intelligently presented, and bad ideas put forth by murky and unskilled thinkers. That means that you will be able to separate the wheat from the chaff (look it up). Then you can be properly influenced by profound and solid ideas instead of falling prey to foolish fads and whims and ideologies, which can range in their danger from trivial to mortal. 如果你学会了写作和编辑，你也能够分辨出好的

智慧地呈现的好主意，以及由思想模糊且技艺不精的思考者提出的糟糕主意。

这意味着你将能够区分好坏（自己查一查）。然后你可以受到深刻和扎实想法的正确影响，而不是成为愚蠢的牺牲品。

时尚、心血来潮和意识形态，其危险程度可以从微不足道到致命不等。

Those who can think and communicate are simply more powerful than those who cannot, and powerful in the good way, the way that means “able to do a wide range of things competently and efficiently.” Furthermore, the further up the ladder of competence you climb, with your well-formulated thoughts, the more important thinking and communicating become. At the very top of the most complex hierarchies (law, medicine, academia, business, theology, politics) nothing is more necessary and valuable. If you can think and communicate, you can also defend yourself, and your friends and family, when that becomes necessary, and it will become necessary at various points in your life. 能够思考和交流的人简单来说比那些不能的人更有力量，而且是以一种好的方式拥有力量，意味着“能够做很多事情”

“能干且高效地。“此外，你爬上能力阶梯的越高，配合你那经过深思熟虑的想法，思考和

在最复杂的等级体系（法律、医学、学术、商业、神学、政治）的顶端，沟通变得至关重要且极具价值。如果你能够思考和沟通，你也能在必要时保护自己、朋友和家人，而在你的生活中，这种情况会在不同的时刻变得必要。

Finally, it is useful to note that your mindisorganized verbally, at the highest and most abstract levels. Thus, if you learn to think, through writing, then you will develop a well- organized, efficient mind – and one that is well-founded and certain. This also means that you will be healthier, mentally and physically, as lack of clarity and ignorance means unnecessary stress. Unnecessary stress makes your body react more to what could otherwise be treated as trivial affairs. This makes for excess energy expenditure, and more rapid aging (along with all the negative health-related consequences of aging). 最后，值得注意的是，你的思维在最高和最复杂的层面上是以语言形式组织的

因此，如果你通过写作学会思考，那么你将培养出一个组织良好、高效的头脑——一个坚实而确定的头脑。这也意味着你将在精神和身体上更健康，因为缺乏清晰和无知意味着

不必要的压力。不必要的压力会使你的身体对可能发生的事情反应更强烈。

否则会被视为琐碎的事情。这导致了过度的能量消耗，以及更快的衰老（以及衰老带来的所有负面健康后果）。

So, unless you want to stay an ignorant, unhealthy lightweight, learn to write (and to think and communicate). Otherwise those who can will ride roughshod over you and push you out of the way. Your life will be harder, at the bottom of the dominance hierarchies that you will inevitably inhabit, and you will get old fast. 所以，除非你想保持无知、不健康和无足轻重的状态，学会写作（以及思考和交流）。否则，那些能够做到的人会对你为所欲为，将你推开。

走开。你的生活会变得更艰难，在你不可避免要处于的支配等级制度的底层，你会很快变老。

Don’t ever underestimate the power of words. Without them, we would still be living in trees. So when you are writing an essay, you are harnessing the full might of culture to your life. That is why you write an essay (even if it has been assigned). Forget that, and you are doing something stupid, trivial and dull. Remember it, and you are conquering the unknown. 永远不要低估言语的力量。没有它们，我们仍将生活在

所以，当你在写一篇文章时，你正在将整个文化的力量运用到你的生活中。这就是为什么你要写文章（即使是被布置的作业）。忘记这一点，你就是

做一些愚蠢、琐碎和乏味的事情。记住它，你就在征服未知。

A note on technology If you area student, or anyone else who is going to do a lot of writing, then you should provide yourself with the right technology, especially now, when it is virtually costless to do so. Obviously, you need a computer. It doesn’t have to be that good, although a digital hard drive is a good investment for speed. Less obviously, you need two screens, one setup beside the other. They don’t have to be bigger than 19” diagonal. Even 17” monitors will do 关于技术的说明

如果你是一名学生，或者是任何将要进行大量写作的人，那么你应该

为自己配备合适的技术，尤其是现在，当它几乎不需要任何成本时

显然，你需要一台电脑。它不必非常好，尽管一个数字……

硬盘对于提升速度是一个很好的投资。不那么明显的是，你需要两个屏幕，一个设置在另一个旁边。它们的对角线不必超过19英寸。即使是17英寸的显示器也可以。

well. High resolution is better. You need the two screens so that you can present your reference material on one screen, and your essay (or even two versions of your essay, side by side) on the other.高分辨率更好。你需要两个屏幕，这样你就可以展示你的 参考资料放在一个屏幕上，而你的论文（或者甚至是你的论文的两个版本，并排放置）放在另一个屏幕上。

Having this extra visual real estate really matters. It will make you less cramped and more efficient. A good keyboard (such as the Microsoft Natural Ergonomic keyboard) is also an excellent investment. Standard keyboards will hurt your hands if you use them continually, and the less said about a notebook keyboard the better. Use a good mouse, as well, and not a touchpad, which requires too much finicky movement for someone who is really working. Set up the keyboards so you are looking directly at their centers when you are sitting up straight. Use a decent chair, and sit so that your feet can rest comfortably on the floor when your knees are bent 90 degrees. These are not trivial issues. You may spend hours working on your writing, so you have to setup a workspace that will not annoy you, or you will have just one more good reason to avoid your tasks and assignments. 拥有这些额外的视觉空间真的很重要。它会让你感觉不那么拥挤，更加高效。一个好的键盘（比如微软自然人体工学键盘）也是一个

极佳的投资。如果你持续使用标准键盘，它们会伤害你的手，而且笔记本电脑键盘的问题越少说越好。同样也要使用一个好的鼠标，而不是触摸板，因为对于真正工作的人来说，触摸板需要过多的挑剔动作。设置键盘时，确保你坐直时能直接看向它们的中心。

直接坐好。使用一把合适的椅子，坐下时要确保你的脚能在膝盖弯曲90度时舒适地踏在地板上。这些不是小问题。你可能会花几个小时来进行写作，所以你必须搭建一个不会让你感到烦恼的工作空间，否则你就会多出一个很好的理由来逃避你的任务和作业。

A note on use of time 关于时间使用的说明

People’s brains function better in the morning. Get up. Eat something. You are much smarter and more resilient after you have slept properly andate. There is plenty of solid research demonstrating this. Coffee alone is counter-productive. Have some protein and some fat. Make a smoothie with fruit and real yogurt. Go out and buy a cheap breakfast, if necessary. Eat by whatever means necessary. Prepare to spend between 90 minutes and three hours writing. However, even 15 minutes can be useful, particularly if you do it every day. 人们的大脑在早上运作得更好。起床吧。吃点东西。你会更……

在你睡得好并且吃饱后，会变得更聪明、更有韧性。有很多充分的

研究表明这一点。单独喝咖啡是适得其反的。应该摄取一些蛋白质和

一些脂肪。用水果和真正的酸奶做一杯冰沙。如果有必要，出去买一个便宜的早餐。不惜一切代价进食。准备花费90分钟到

三个小时的写作。然而，即使是15分钟也可以很有用，特别是如果你每天都这么做。

Do not wait for a big chunk of free time to start. You will never get big chunks of free time ever in your life, so don’t make your success dependent on their non-existent. The most effective writers write everyday, at least a bit. 不要等待大块的空闲时间再开始。你一生中永远不会有大块的空闲时间，所以不要让你的成功依赖于它们的不存在。最有效的作家每天都会写作，至少一点点。

Realize that when you first sit down to write, your mind will rebel. It is full of other ideas, all of which will fight to dominate. You could be looking at Facebook, or Youtube, or watching or reading online porn, or cleaning the dust bunnies from under your bed, or rearranging your obsolete CD collection, or texting an old flame, or reading a book for another course, or getting the groceries you need, or doing the laundry, or having a nap, or going for a walk (because you need the exercise), or phoning a friend or a parent – the list is endless. 请意识到，当你第一次坐下来写作时，你的思绪会反抗。它充满了其他的想法，

所有这些都将争夺主导地位。你可能在看Facebook，或者Youtube，或者

观看或阅读在线色情内容，或者清理床底下的灰尘团，或者

重新整理你过时的CD收藏，或给旧情人发短信，或读一本书以

选修另一门课程，或者买你需要的杂货，或者洗衣服，或者小睡一会儿，或者去散步（因为你需要锻炼），或者给一个朋友或父母打电话——这个列表是无穷尽的。

Each part of your mind that is concerned with such things will make its wants known, and attempt to distract you. Such pesky demons can be squelched, however, with patience. If you refuse to be tempted for fifteen minutes (25 on areally bad day) you will find that the clamor in your mind will settledown and you will be able to concentrate on writing. If you do this day after day, you will find that the power of such temptations do not reduce, but the duration of their attempts to distract you will decrease. You will also find that even on a day where concentration is very difficult, you will still be able to do some productive writing if you stick it out.你心中关注这些事情的每一个部分都会表达它的需求 已知的，并试图分散你的注意力。然而，这些讨厌的恶魔可以被压制，通过 耐心。如果你拒绝在十五分钟内（在非常糟糕的日子里是二十五分钟）被诱惑，你将会 你会发现你心中的喧嚣将会平息下来，你将能够专注于 如果你日复一日地这样做，你会发现这些诱惑的力量并没有减少，但它们试图分散你注意力的时间会减少。你还会发现 即使在一个很难集中注意力的日子里，如果你坚持下去，你仍然能够完成一些富有成效的写作。

Don’t kid yourself into thinking you will write for six hours, either. Three is a maximum, especially if you want to sustain it day after day. Don’twait too late to start your writing, so you don’t have to cram insanely, but give yourself a break after a good period of sustained concentration. Three productive hours are way better than ten hours of self-deceptive non- productivity, even in the library.不要自欺欺人地认为你会写六个小时。三个小时是最多的。 尤其是如果你想要日复一日地维持它。不要等到太晚才开始写作，这样你就不必疯狂地赶工，但在持续集中了一段好时间后给自己放个假。三个高效的小时远比在图书馆里十个自欺欺人的非生产性小时要好得多。

PART TWO: LEVELS OF RESOLUTION第二部分：分辨率层次

Words, sentences, paragraphs and more An essay, like any piece of writing, exists at multiple levels of resolution, simultaneously. First is the selection of the word. Second is the crafting of the sentence. Each word should be precisely the right word, in the right location in each sentence. The sentence itself should present a thought, part of the idea expressed in the paragraph, in a grammatically correct manner. Each sentence should be properly arranged and sequenced inside a paragraph, the third level of resolution. As a rule of thumb,a paragraph should be made up of at least 10 sentences or 100 words. This might be regarded as a stupid rule, because it is arbitrary. 词语、句子、段落等等

一篇文章，就像任何一篇写作作品一样，同时存在于多个层面的分辨率。首先是单词的选择。其次是句子的构造。每个单词都应该是精确的正确单词，放在每个句子中的正确位置。句子本身

应该以语法正确的方式呈现一个思想，段落中表达的观点的一部分。每个句子都应该在一个内部得到适当的排列和顺序。

段落，是第三级的分辨率。通常来说，一个段落应该由至少10个句子或100个词组成。这可能被认为是一个愚蠢的规则，因为它是任意的。

However,you should let it guide you, until you know better. You have very little right to break the rules, until you have mastered them.然而，在你更了解之前，你应该让它指引你。在你掌握这些规则之前，你几乎没有权利去打破它们。

Here’s a little story to illustrate that idea, taken in part from a document called the Codex Bezae. Christ is walking down the road on the Sabbath, when good Jews of that time were not supposed to work. In the ditch, he sees a shepherd, trying to rescue a sheep from a hole that it has fallen into. It is very hot and, clearly, the sheep will not be in very good shape if it spends a whole day in the desert sun. On the other hand, it is the Sabbath. Christ looks at the shepherd and says, “Man, if indeed thou knowest what thou doest, thou art blessed: but if thou knowest not, thou art cursed, and a transgressor of the law.” Then he walks on down the road. 这里有一个小故事可以说明这个观点，部分取材于一份名为《贝萨法典》的文献。

基督在安息日沿着道路行走，那时候的虔诚犹太人并不

应该工作。在沟渠里，他看到一个牧羊人，正试图从一个洞里救出一只掉进去的羊。天气非常热，显然，如果羊在沙漠的阳光下待上一整天，它的状况不会太好。另一方面，今天是安息日。基督看着牧羊人说：“人啊，如果你确实知道你在做什么，你是有福的：但如果你不知道，你就是被诅咒的，是法律的违背者。”然后他继续往路上走。

The point is this: There is a rest day for a reason. Otherwise people would work all the time. Then they would be chronically unhappy and exhausted. They would compete each other to death. So if it’s time for everybody to rest, then rest, and don’t be breaking the rule. However, it is also not good to let a sheep die in the hot sun, when a few minutes of labor might save it. So, if you are respectful of the rule, and conscious of its importance, and realize that it serves as a bulwark against the chaos of the unknown, and you still decide to break it, carefully, because the particularities of the circumstances demand it – well, then, more power to you. If you are just a careless, ignorant, antisocial narcissist instead, however, then lookout. You break a rule at your peril, whether you know it or not. 关键是这样的：设立休息日是有原因的。否则人们会一直工作。

然后他们会长期感到不快乐和疲惫。他们会相互竞争。

彼此争斗至死。所以如果是大家休息的时候，那就休息，不要破坏规则。然而，在炎热的阳光下让一只羊死去，而几分钟的劳动

可能会拯救它。所以，如果你尊重这条规则，并且意识到它的重要性，并且

意识到它作为对抗未知混乱的堡垒，你仍然决定去

小心地打破它，因为特定情况的特殊性要求这样做——那么，那就更有力量在你身上了。如果你只是一个粗心大意、无知、反社会的自恋者，

然而，那时候你得小心了。不管你知不知道，违反规则都是冒险。

Rules are there for a reason. You are only allowed to break them if you area master. If you’re not a master, don’t confuse your ignorance with creativity or style. Writing that follows the rules is easier for readers, because they know roughly what to expect. So rules are conventions. Like all conventions, they are sometimes sub-optimal. But not very often. So, to begin with, use the conventions. For example, aim to make your paragraphs about 10 sentences or 100 words long. 规则的存在是有原因的。只有你是大师，你才被允许打破它们。如果

你不是大师，不要把你的无知当作创造力或风格。写作那样。

遵循规则对读者来说更容易，因为他们大致知道可以期待什么。所以规则是惯例。像所有惯例一样，它们有时候并不是最佳选择。但这种情况并不频繁。因此，首先，使用这些惯例。例如，努力使你的段落大约有10个句子或100个单词。

A paragraph should present a single idea, using multiple sentences. If you can’tthink up 100 words to say about your idea, it’s probably not a very good idea, or you need to think more about it. If your paragraph is rambling on for 300 words, or more, it’s possible that it has more than one idea in it, and should be broken up. 一个段落应该呈现一个单一的想法，使用多个句子。如果你想不出来

如果你需要100个词来描述你的想法，那它可能不是一个很好的想法，或者你需要对它进行更多思考。如果你的段落啰嗦地超过了300个词，或者更多，那么它可能包含不止一个想法，应该拆分开来。

All of the paragraphs have to be arranged in a logical progression, from the beginning of the essay to the end. This is the fourth level of resolution. Perhaps the most important step in writing an essay is getting the paragraphs in proper order. Each of them is a steppingstone to your essay’s final destination.所有段落都必须按照逻辑顺序排列，从文章的开头到结尾。这是第四级分辨率。也许这是最重要的步骤，在 撰写一篇文章就是要将各个段落排列得当。每一个段落都是通往你文章最终目的地的垫脚石。

The fifth level of resolution is the essay, as a whole. Every element of an essay can be correct, each word, sentence, and paragraph – even the paragraph order – and the essay can still fail, because it is just not interesting or important. It is very hard for competent but uninspired writers to understand this kind of failure, because a critic cannot merely point it out. There is no answer to their question, “exactly where did I make a mistake?” Such an essay is just not good. An essay without originality or creativity might fall into this category. Sometimes a creative person, who is not technically proficient as a writer, can make the opposite mistake: their word choice is poor, their sentences badly constructed and poorly organized within their paragraphs, their paragraphs in no intelligible relationship to one another – and yet the essay as a whole can succeed, because there are valuable thoughtstrapped within it, wishing desperately to find expression. 第五层解析是整篇文章。文章的每个元素都可以是

正确地，每个单词、句子和段落——甚至段落顺序——以及文章

仍然可能失败，因为它可能并不有趣或重要。对于有能力但缺乏灵感的作家来说，很难理解这种失败，因为评论家不能仅仅指出这一点。对于他们的问题“我到底在哪里犯了错误？”并没有答案。这样一来，

这篇文章实在不好。一篇没有原创性或创造力的文章可能会是这种情况。

有时候，一个创造性的人，虽然在写作技巧上不够熟练，可能会犯相反的错误：他们的词汇选择差，句子结构混乱，段落内部组织混乱，段落之间没有可理解的联系。

彼此之间的关系——然而，整篇文章仍然可以成功，因为其中包含了有价值的思想，它们迫切希望找到表达的方式。

Additional levels 额外的层次

You might think that there could not possibly be anything more to an essay than these five levels of resolution or analysis, but you would be wrong. This is something that was first noticed, perhaps, by those otherwise entirely reprehensible and destructive scholars known as post-modernists. An essay necessarily exists within a context of interpretation, made up of the reader (level six), and the culture that the reader is embedded in (level seven), which is made up in part of the assumptions that he or she will bring to the essay. Levels six and seven have deep roots in biology and culture. You might think, “Why do I need to know this?” but if you don’t you are not considering your audience, and that’s a mistake. Part of the purpose of the essay is to set your mind straight, but the other part, equally important, is to communicate with an audience. 你可能会认为，除了这五个层次的分辨率或分析之外，论文不可能有更多的内容，但这种想法是错误的。这最初是

也许被那些其他完全应受谴责和具有破坏性的学者们注意到了

被称为后现代主义者。一篇文章必然存在于一个解释的背景之中，这个背景由读者（第六层次）和读者所处的文化（层次

七），部分由他或她将带入文章的假设构成。六级和七级在生物学和文化中有着深厚的根基。你可能会想，“我为什么需要知道这个？”但如果你不了解，你就没有考虑到你的读者，这是

错误。文章的部分目的是让你的思路清晰，但同等重要的另一部分是与观众沟通。

For the essay to succeed, brilliantly, it has to work at all of these levels of resolution simultaneously. That is very difficult, but it is in that difficulty that the value of the act of writing exists. 为了让文章出色地成功，它必须在所有这些分辨率层面上都发挥作用

同时进行。这非常困难，但正是在这个困难中，写作行为的价值所在。

Considerations of Aesthetics and Fascination 审视美学与魅力

This is not all that has to be properly managed when you write an essay. You should also strive for brevity,which is concise and efficient expression, as well as beauty, which is the melodic or poetic aspect of your language (at all the requisite levels of analysis). Finally, you should not be bored, or boring. If you are bored while writing, then, most importantly, you are doing it wrong, and you will also bore your reader. Think of it this way: you get bored for a reason,and sometimes for a good reason. You maybe bored while writing your essay because you are actually lying to yourself in a very deep way about what you are doing and why you are doing it. Your mind, independent of your ego, cannot be 这并不是写作文时你需要妥善管理的全部内容。你还应该

努力追求简洁，即简明高效的表达，同时追求美感，即你的语言中的旋律或诗意（在所有必要的分析层面上）。最后，

你不应该感到无聊，也不应该让人觉得无聊。如果你在写作时感到无聊，那么最重要的是，你做得不对，你也会让你的读者感到无聊。这样想吧：你得到

有时候你会感到无聊，有时候这种无聊是有充分理由的。你在写作文时可能会感到无聊，因为在某种非常深层次上，你对自己撒谎了。

做什么以及为什么要做。你的心智，独立于你的自我，不能够

hoodwinked into attending to something that you think is uninteresting or useless. It will automatically regard such a thing as unworthy of attention, and make you bored by it.被欺骗去关注你认为无聊或无用的事物。它会自动将这类事物视为不值得注意，并让你对此感到厌烦。

If you are bored by your essay, you have either chosen the wrong topic (one which makes no difference to you and, in all likelihood, to anyone else) or you are approaching a good topic in a substandard manner. Perhaps you are resentful about having to write the essay, or afraid of its reception, or lazy, or ignorant, or unduly and arrogantly skeptical, or something of the kind. 如果你对自己的论文感到厌烦，那么你要么是选错了题目（一个对你和很可能对其他人都无关紧要的题目），要么你是以一种不合格的方式处理一个好题目。也许你对不得不写这篇论文感到愤怒，或者害怕它的反响，或者懒惰，或者无知，或者过分自大地怀疑，或者……

类似的东西。

You have to place yourself in the correct state of mind to write properly. That state of mind is partly aesthetic. You have to be trying to produce something of worth, beauty and elegance. If you think that is ridiculous, then you are far too stupid at the moment to write properly. You need to meditate long and hard on why you would dare presume that worth, beauty and elegance are unworthy of your pursuit. Do you plan to settle for ugly and uncouth? Do you want to destroy, instead of build? 你必须让自己处于正确的心态中才能恰当地写作。这种心态部分是审美的。你必须努力创作出有价值、有美感的东西。

如果你认为这很荒谬，那么你现在实在是太愚蠢了，无法恰当地写作。你需要深思熟虑，为什么你会胆敢假设价值、美丽和优雅不值得你去追求。你打算满足于丑陋和

粗鲁？你是想要摧毁而不是建设吗？

You must choose a topic that is important to you. This should be formulated as a question that you want to answer. This is arguably the hardest part of writing an essay: choosing the proper question. Perhaps your instructor has provided you with a list of topics, and you think you are off the hook as a consequence. You’re not. You still have to determine how to write about one of those topics in a manner that is compelling to you. It’s amoral, spiritual endeavour. If you properly identify something of interest to you, then you have put yourself in alignment with the deeper levels of your psyche, your spirit. If these deeper levels do not want or need an answer to the question you have posed, you will not possibly be interested in it. 你必须选择一个对你来说重要的话题。这应该被构思成一个你想要回答的问题。这可以说是写作文最难的部分：选择合适的问题。或许你的指导老师已经给你提供了一个话题列表，而你

你以为自己因此就摆脱了困境，但其实并没有。你仍然需要决定如何以一种对你有吸引力的方式来写作这些话题之一。这是一种与道德、精神有关的努力。

如果你正确地识别出了你感兴趣的东西，那么你就已经把自己置于

与你心灵深处、你的精神层面的一致性。如果这些更深层次的部分不

如果你不想要或需要对你提出的问题的答案，你就不可能对它感兴趣。

So the fact of your interest is evidence of the importance of the topic. You, or some part of you, needs the answer – and such needs can be deep enough so that life itself can depend upon them. Someone desperate, for example, might find the question “why live?” of extreme interest, and absolutely require an answer that makes life’ssuffering worth bearing. It is not necessary to ensure that every question you try or essay to answer of that level of importance, but you should not waste your time with ideas that do not grip you.所以你的兴趣事实上证明了这个话题的重要性。你，或者有些人 你的一部分需要答案——这种需求可能非常深刻，以至于生命本身也能够 依赖他们。例如，一个绝望的人可能会发现“为什么活着？”这个问题 极度感兴趣，并且绝对需要一个能让生活中的苦难变得有价值的答案 在尝试回答的每个问题或论文中，没有必要确保它们都具有那种重要性，但你也不应该浪费时间在那些不能吸引你的想法上。

So, the proper attitude is interested and aesthetically sensitive. 所以，恰当的态度是感兴趣的和有审美敏感性的。

Having said all that, here is something to remember: finished beats perfect. Most people fail a class or an assignment or a work project not because they write badly, and geta D’s or F’s, but because they don’t write at all, and get zeroes. Zeroes are very bad. They are the black holes of numbers. Zeroes make you fail. Zeroes ruin your life. Essays handed in, no matter how badly written, can usually get you at least a C. So don’t be a completely self-destructive idiot. Hand something in, regardless of how pathetic you think it is (and no matter how accurate you are in that opinion). 说了这么多，还有一点要记住：完成总比完美好。大多数人之所以在课程、作业或工作项目中失败，并不是因为他们写得很糟糕，得到D或F，而是因为他们根本就没有写，因此得到零分。零分非常糟糕。它们是数字的黑洞。零分会让你失败。零分会毁了你的生活。无论写得多糟糕，交上去的论文通常至少能得到C。所以不要成为一个彻底自毁前程的傻瓜。不管你认为它有多可悲（无论多么

你对这个观点的准确性）。

PART THREE: THE TOPIC AND THE READING LIST The central question that you are trying to answer with the essayisthe topic question. Here are some potentially interesting topic questions: . Does evil exist? . Are all cultures equally worthy of respect? . How should a man and a woman treat each other in a relationship? . What, if anything, makes a person good? . These are very general, abstract topics. That makes them philosophical. Good topics do not have to be so general. Here are some good, more specific topics: . What were the key events of Julius Caesar’s rule? . What are the critical elements of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution? . Is “The Sun Also Rises,” by Ernest Hemingway, an important book? . How might Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud’s theory of the psyche be contrasted? . How did Newton and Einstein differ in their conceptualization of time? . Was the recent Iraq war just or unjust? You can begin your essay writing process two different ways. You can either list the topics you have been assigned, or list tenor so questions that you might want to answer, if you are required to choose your own topic, or you can start to create and finalize your reading list. If you think you can already identify several potential topics of interest, start with Topics. If you are unsure, then start constructing your Reading List. CHOICE BETWEEN TOPICS and READING LIST Topics Put these in question form, as in the examples above.

10.第三部分：主题和阅读清单 你试图通过这篇文章回答的核心问题是主题问题。以下是一些可能有趣的主题问题： 邪恶存在吗？ 所有文化都同样值得尊重吗？ 在一段关系中，男人和女人应该如何相互对待？ 有什么东西能让一个人变得善良？ 这些是非常普遍、抽象的话题。这使它们具有哲学性。好的话题不必如此普遍。以下是一些好的、更具体的话题： 朱利叶斯·恺撒统治期间的关键事件是什么？ 查尔斯·达尔文的进化论的关键要素是什么？ 《太阳照样升起》是欧内斯特·海明威的一本重要书籍吗？ 卡尔·荣格和西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的心灵理论有何对比之处？ 牛顿和爱因斯坦在时间概念上有何不同？ 最近的伊拉克战争是正义的还是不正义的？ 你可以用两种不同的方式开始你的论文写作过程。你可以列出你被分配的话题，或者列出大约十个你可能想要回答的问题，如果你 需要自选主题，或者可以开始创建并确定你的阅读清单。如果你认为已经能够确定几个潜在的感兴趣主题，就从 如果你不确定，那么开始构建你的阅读清单吧。 选题与阅读清单 主题 请将这些改写成问题形式，如上面的例子所示。

If you can’t do this, then you have to do some more reading (which you will likely have to do to complete the essay anyway). There is, by the way, no such thing as reader’s block. If you can’t write, it is because you have nothing to say. You have no ideas. In such a situation, don’t pride yourself on your writer’s block. Read something. If that doesn’t work, read something else – maybe something better. Repeat until the problem is solved.如果你做不到这一点，那么你就得多读一些书（这很可能你也得这么做） 无论如何完成这篇文章）。顺便说一下，没有所谓的读者障碍。如果你写不出来，那是因为你没什么可说的。你没有想法。在这种情况下，不要为你的写作障碍感到自豪。读点东西。如果那不管用，再读 其他的东西——也许是更好的东西。重复此过程直到问题解决。

Reading List Indicate here what you have to or want to read. These should be books or articles, generally speaking. If you don’t know what articles or books might be appropriate or useful, then you could start with Wikipedia articles or other encyclopedic sources, and look at their reference lists for ideas about further reading. These sources are fine as a beginning. If you find someone whose writing is particularly interesting and appropriate, it is often very useful to see if you can find out what authors they admired and read. You can do this by noting who they refer to, in the text of their writings or in the reference list. You can meander productively through wide bodies of learning in this manner. 阅读清单

请在这里标明你需要或想要阅读的内容。这些应该是书籍或文章，

一般来说，如果你不知道哪些文章或书籍可能合适或者

有用的话，你可以从维基百科文章或其他百科全书式的资源开始查找

请查看他们的参考书目以获取更多阅读的想法。这些资源作为起点是不错的。

如果你发现某人的写作特别有趣且恰当，通常很有用的一件事是看看你是否能找出他们所欣赏和阅读的作者是谁。你可以通过注意他们在文本中提到谁，或者在参考文献列表中来做到这一点。你可以

以这种方式高效地在广泛的知识领域中游走。

Assume you need 5-10 books or articles per thousand words of essay, unless you have been instructed otherwise. A double-spaced page of typing usually contains about 250 words. List your sources now, even if you have to do it badly. You can always make it better later. 假设你每写一千字的论文就需要5到10本书或文章，除非有其他指示。通常情况下，一页双行间距的打字大约包含250个单词。

现在就列出你的来源，即使做得不好也没关系。你总是可以稍后改进它。

Reading 1. Notes: (see next section for Notes on Notes): Reading 2. Notes: Reading 3. Notes: Reading 4. Notes: Reading 5. Notes: Reading 6. Notes: Reading 7. Notes: 阅读 1。

备注：（有关备注的说明，请参见下一节）

阅读2。

备注：

阅读 3。

备注：

阅读4。

备注：

阅读 5。

备注：

阅读6。

备注：

阅读7。

备注：

Reading 8. Notes: Reading 9. Notes: Reading 10 (repeat if necessary). Notes (repeat if necessary):阅读 8。 您提供的内容 “Notes:” 是英文，并没有包含日语内容。如果您需要翻译日语内容，请提供相应的日语文本 阅读9。 您提供的内容是 “Notes:“，这是英文，意思是“注释”或“笔记”。但您要求的是日语翻译成中文，所以请提供日语原文，我才能帮您翻译成中文 阅读10（如有必要请重复）。 您提供的内容似乎不是日语，而是英语说明文字。如果您有日语文本需要翻译，请提供相应的日语原文，我将很乐意帮助您翻译成中文

A Psychological Note and some Notes on Notes. 心理学笔记及一些关于笔记的注释。

While you are reading, see if you can notice anything that catches your attention. This might be something you think is important, or something that you seriously disagree with, or something that you might want to know more about. You have to pay careful attention to your emotional reactions to do this. 在你阅读时，看看是否有什么吸引你注意的东西。这

可能是你认为重要的事情，或者你严重不同意的事情，或者你可能想要了解更多的事情。你必须仔细注意你的情绪反应才能做到这一点。

You also want to take some notes. You can place your notes below the readings you listed above. When you are taking notes, don’tbother doing stupid things like highlighting or underlining sentences in the textbook. There is no evidence that it works. It just looks like work. 你还需要做一些笔记。你可以把你的笔记放在上面列出的阅读材料下面。

当你在做笔记时，不要做像高亮这样的愚蠢事情或

在教科书中划线。没有证据表明这有效。它只是看起来像在工作。

What you need to do is to read for understanding. Read a bit, then write down what you have learned or any questions that have arisen in your mind. Don’t ever copy the source word for word. The most important part of learning and remembering is the recreation of what you have written in your own language. This is not some simplistic “use your own words.” This is the dialog you are having with the writer of your sources. This is your attempt to say back to the author “this is what I understand you are saying.” This is where you extract the gist of the writing.你需要做的是为了理解而阅读。读一点，然后写下你所学到的东西或者你脑海中出现的任何问题。千万不要抄袭。 源词逐字。学习和记忆最重要的部分是 这是对你用自己的语言所写内容的再创作。这不是简单的“用你自己的话来说”。这是你与你的来源作者之间的对话。这是你试图对作者回应“这是我理解你所说的内容”。这是 在你提取写作的要点处。

If someone asks you about your day, you don’tsay, “Well, first I opened my eyes. Then I blinked and rubbed them. Then I placed my left leg on the floor, and then my right.” You would bore them to death. Instead, you eliminate the extra detail, and concentrate on communicating what is important. That is exactly what you are supposed to be doing when you take some notes during or after reading (after is often better, with the book closed, so that you are not tempted to copy the author’s writing word for word so that you can fool yourself into thinking you did some work). 如果有人问你今天过得怎么样，你不会说：“嗯，首先我睁开了眼睛。然后我

我眨了眨眼，揉了揉它们。然后我把左腿放在地板上，接着是右腿。你

会让他们感到无聊至极。相反，你应该去掉多余的细节，集中注意力在

传达重要的内容。这正是你在阅读期间或阅读后（通常在书本关闭后更好，这样你就不会受到诱惑逐字逐句地抄写作者的文字，以至于自欺欺人）做笔记时应该做的事情。

让自己以为你做了一些工作。

If you find note-taking in this manner difficult, try this. Read a paragraph. Look away. Then say to yourself, out loud, even in a whisper (if you are in a library), what the paragraph meant. Listen to what you said, and then quickly write it down. 如果你发现这种方式的记笔记很困难，试试这个。读一段文字。抬头看别处。然后对自己说出来，哪怕是小声地（如果你在图书馆的话），那一段文字

听听你说了什么，然后迅速记下来。

Take about two to three times as many notes, by word, as you will need for your essay. You might think that is inefficient, but it’s not. In order to write intelligibly about something, or to speak intelligently about it, you need to know far more than you actually communicate. That helps you master level six and seven, described previously – the context within which 请以大约两到三倍于你论文所需的字数来做笔记。你可能会认为这样做效率不高，但实际上并非如此。为了能够清晰地写作或者明智地讨论某件事，你需要了解的远比你实际传达的要多。这有助于你掌握之前描述的第六和第七层次——即其中的背景。

the essayistobe understood. Out of those notes you should be able to derive 8-10 topic questions. Do so. Remember, they can be edited later. Just get them down.这篇文章需要被理解。从这些笔记中，你应该能够得出8-10个主题问题。现在就做这件事。记住，它们以后可以编辑。现在只需要把它们写下来。

PART FOUR: THE OUTLINE 第四部分：大纲

At this point you have prepared a list of topics, and a reading list. Now it’s time to choose a topic. ENTER TOPIC HERE

Here’s another rule. When you write your first draft, it should be longer than the final version. This is so that you have some extra writing to throwaway. You want to have something to throwaway after the first draft so that you only have to keep what is good. It is NOT faster to try to write exactly as many words as you need when you first sit down to write. Trying to do somerely makes you too aware of what you are writing. This concern will slow you down. 到目前为止，你已经准备了一个话题列表和阅读清单。现在是时候选择一个话题了。

请输入主题

这是另一个规则。当你写初稿时，它应该比最终稿要长。

版本。这样你就有了一些额外的文字可以丢弃。你想要有

一些在初稿之后就可以丢弃的东西，这样你只需要保留好的部分。当你第一次坐下来写作时，试图一次性写出你所需要的确切字数并不会更快。尝试这样做只会让你过于关注你正在写的内容。这种担忧会减慢你的速度。

Aim at producing a first draft that is 25% longer than the final draft is supposed to be. If your final work is to be 1000 words, then write that (or four pages) below. The word document will automatically add 25% to the length you specify.旨在制作一个初稿，其长度比最终稿件预期的要长25%。如果你的最终作品应该是1000字，那么就写出那么多（或四页）。 以下。Word文档将自动将您指定的长度增加25%。

Now specify the length of your essay. WORDS: PAGES: ADD 25% TO THE ABOVE LENGTHS Now you have to write an outline. This is the most difficult part of writing an essay, and it’s not optional. The outline of an essay is like the skeleton of a body. It provides its fundamental form and structure. Furthermore, the outline is basically the argument (with the sentences themselves and the words serving that argument). 现在请指定你的论文长度。

词语

页数：

在上述长度上增加25%

现在你必须写一个大纲。这是写作一篇文章中最困难的部分，而且这不是可选的。文章的大纲就像身体的骨架。它提供了它的

基本形式和结构。此外，大纲本质上就是论点（包括服务于该论点的句子本身和词汇）。

A thousand-word essay requires aten-sentence outline. However, the fundamental outline of an essay should not get much longer than fifteen sentences, even if the essay is several thousand words or more in length. This is because it is difficult to keep an argument of more than that length in mind at one time so that you can assess the quality of its structure. So, write aten to fifteen sentence outline of your essay, and if it is longer than a thousand words, then make sub-outlines for each primary outline sentence. Here is an example of a good simple outline: . Topic: Who was Abraham Lincoln? . Why is Abraham Lincoln worthy of remembrance? . What were the crucial events of his childhood? . Of his adolescence? . Of his young adulthood? . How did he enter politics? . What were his major challenges? 一篇千字论文需要一个十句话的提纲。然而，即使论文有几页长，基本的提纲也不应超过十五句话。

千字或更多字长。这是因为要保持一个论点的连贯性是很困难的。

因此，请写出一份十到十五句话的大纲来概述你的文章，如果它的长度超过一千字，那么一次性考虑的长度要超过这个长度，以便你能评估其结构的质量。

然后为每个主要大纲句子制作子大纲。以下是一个好的简单大纲示例：

主题：谁是亚伯拉罕·林肯？

亚伯拉罕·林肯为何值得纪念？

他童年的关键事件是什么？

他的青春期？

他的青年时期？

他是如何进入政界的？

他主要面临哪些挑战？

. What were the primary political and economic issues of his time? . Who were his enemies? . How did he deal with them? . What were his major accomplishments? . How did he die? Here is an example of a good longer outline (for athree thousand word essay): . Topic: What is capitalism? . How has capitalism been defined? o Author 1 o Author 2 o Author 3 . Where and when did capitalism develop? o Country 1 o Country 2 . How did capitalism develop in the first 50 years after its origin? o How did capitalism develop in the second 50 years after its origin? o (Repeat as necessary) . Historical precursors? o (choose as many centuries as necessary) . Advantages of capitalism? o Wealth generation o Technological advancement o Personal freedom . Disadvantages of capitalism? o Unequal distribution o Pollution and other externalized costs . Alternatives to capitalism? o Fascism o Communism . Consequences of these alternatives? . Potential future developments? . Conclusion他那个时代的主要政治和经济问题是什么？ 他的敌人是谁？ 他是怎么处理他们的？ 他的主要成就是什么？ 他是怎么死的？ 这是一个较长的优秀提纲示例（适用于三千字的论文）： 主题：什么是资本主义？ 资本主义是如何被定义的？ 作者1 作者2 作者3 资本主义在哪里以及何时发展起来的？ 国家1 国家2 资本主义在起源后的最初50年是如何发展的？ 资本主义在起源后的第二个50年是如何发展的？ （如有必要，请重复） 历史先驱？ 选择尽可能多的世纪 资本主义的优势？ 财富创造 技术进步 个人自由 资本主义的缺点是什么？ 不平等分配 污染和其他外部成本 资本主义的替代方案？ 法西斯主义 共产主义 这些选择的后果是什么？ 潜在的未来发展？ 结论

Beware of the tendency to write trite, repetitive and clichéd introductions and conclusions. It is often useful to write a stock intro (what is the purpose of this essay? How is it going to proceed?) and a stock conclusion (How did this essay proceed? What was its purpose?) but they should usually then be thrown away. Write your outline here. Try for one outline heading per 100 words of essay length. You can add subdivisions, as in the example regarding capitalism, above. 警惕写出陈腐、重复和滥用陈词滥调的引言和结论的倾向。编写一个标准的引言（这篇文章的目的是什么？它将如何展开？）和一个标准的结论（这篇文章是如何展开的？它的目的是什么？）通常是有用的，但它们通常应该随后被丢弃。在这里写下你的提纲。尝试写一个提纲。

每100字的文章长度设置一个标题。你可以添加子分区，如示例中所示。

关于上文提到的资本主义。

Write outline here: 在此处写大纲：

Outline sentence 1: 概述句子1：

Outline sentence 2: 概述句子2：

Outline sentence 3: 概述句子3：

Outline sentence 4: 概述句子4：

Outline sentence 5: 概述句子5：

Outline sentence 6: 概述句子6：

Outline sentence 7: 概述句子7：

Outline sentence 8: 概述句子8：

Outline sentence 9: 概述句子9：

Outline sentence 10 (repeat if necessary):概述第10句（如有必要，重复）

PART FIVE: PARAGRAPHS So, now you have your outline. Copy ithere:第五部分：段落 那么，现在你有了你的大纲。把它复制到这里：

OUTLINE COPIED HERE Now, write ten to fifteen sentences per outline heading to complete your paragraph. You may find it helpful to add additional subdivisions to your outline, and to work back and forth between the outline and the sentences, editing both. Use your notes, as well. Use single spacing at this point, so that you can see more writing on the paper at once. You will format your essay properly later. 在此复制大纲

现在，为每个大纲标题写十到十五个句子来完成你的段落。你

你可能会发现在你的大纲中添加额外的细分，并且回溯工作会有所帮助

在大纲和句子之间来回修改。也要使用你的笔记。使用

此时使用单倍行距，这样你可以一次在纸上看到更多的文字。稍后你将适当地格式化你的文章。

Don’t worry too much about how well you are writing at this point. It is also best at this point not to worry too much about the niceties of sentence structure and grammar. That is all best left for the second major step, which is editing. You should think of the essay writing process as twofold. The first major step is the first draft, which can be relatively quick and dirty. For the first draft you can use your notes, extensively, and rough out the essay. If you get stuck writing anywhere, just move to the next outline sentence. You can always go back. 不要太担心你现在写得怎么样。此时最好也是这样。

不必过分担心句子结构和语法的细节。这些都最好留到第二个主要步骤，即编辑时再处理。你应该把论文想象成

写作过程分为两个主要步骤。第一步是初稿，这可以相对快速而粗糙。在初稿中，你可以广泛使用你的笔记，并草拟出文章。如果你在写作中遇到困难，就直接跳到下一个提纲句子。你总是可以回头再看。

The second major step is editing. Production (the first major step) and editing (the second) are different functions, and should be treated that way. This is because each interferes with the other. The purpose of production is to produce. The function of editing is to reduce and arrange. If you try to do both at the sametime then the editing stymies the production. It’s not faster to combine them, nor is it better, and it is bound to be frustrating. 第二个主要步骤是编辑。制作（第一个主要步骤）和编辑（第二个）是不同的功能，应该相应对待。这是因为每个都会干扰另一个。制作的目的是为了产出。编辑的功能是为了减少和安排。如果你试图同时做这两件事，那么编辑就会阻碍制作。将它们结合起来既不会更快，也不会更好，而且肯定会让人感到沮丧。

Here is an example of writing associated with an outline question: (note: places where references are necessary are indicate as (REFERENCE, 19XX). How to format these references will be discussed later. 这是一个与大纲问题相关的写作示例：（注意：需要引用的地方标记为（参考文献，19XX）。如何格式化这些

参考资料将在后面讨论。

Outline sentence: How has capitalism been defined? Something as complex as capitalism cannot be easily defined. Different authors have each offered their opinion. Liberal or conservative thinkers stress the importance of private property and the ownership rights that accompany such property as key to capitalism (REFERENCE, 19XX). Such private property (including valuable goods and the means by which they are produced) can be traded, freely, with other property owners, in a market where the price is set by public demand, rather than by any central agency. Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality,and consider profit the motive for efficiency. They believe that lower cost is a desirable feature of production, and that fair competition helps ensure desirably lower prices. 大纲句子：资本主义是如何被定义的？

资本主义这样复杂的事物不容易定义。不同的作者都提出了自己的看法。自由派或保守派思想家强调私有财产及其随之而来的所有权是关键。

资本主义（参考文献，19XX年）。这种私有财产（包括有价值的商品和生产这些商品的手段）可以自由地与其他财产进行交易。

在一个由公众需求而非其他任何因素决定价格的市场中的所有者，

中央机构。自由派和保守派思想家强调生产效率以及质量，并认为利润是效率的动机。他们认为降低成本是生产的一个理想特征，并且认为公平竞争有助于确保

理想的更低价格。

The World Socialist Movement (REFERENCE, 19XX), an international consortium of far left political parties, defines capitalism, by contrast, as ownership of the means of production by a small minority of people, the capitalist class, who profitably exploit the 世界社会主义运动（参考文献，19XX年），一个国际联盟

极左翼政党则相反地定义资本主义为生产资料由少数人、即资本家阶级所有，并从中获利性地剥削他人

working class, the genuine producers, who must sell their ability to work for a salary or wage. 工人阶级，真正的生产者，必须出卖他们的劳动能力以换取薪水或工资。

Such socialists believe that it is profit that solely motivates capitalism, and that the profit motive is essentially corrupt. Modern environmentalists tend to add the natural world itself to the list of capitalist targets of exploitation (REFERENCE, 19XX). Thinkers on the right tend to regard problems emerging from the capitalist system as real, but trivial in comparison to those produced by other economic and political systems, real and hypothetical. Thinkers on the far left regard capitalism as the central cause of problems as serious as poverty, inequality and environmental degradation, and believe that there are other political and economic systems whose implementation would constitute an improvement.这些社会主义者认为，正是利润唯一激励了资本主义， 利润动机本质上是腐败的。现代环保主义者倾向于将自然世界本身也加入到资本主义剥削目标的名单中（参考文献，19XX年）。右翼思想家倾向于认为，资本主义系统产生的问题是真实的，但与其他经济和政治制度产生的问题相比则显得微不足道。 系统，现实的和假想的。极左派的思想家认为资本主义是导致贫困、不平等和环境退化等严重问题的主要原因， 并相信有其他的政治和经济体系，其实施将构成一种改善。

It took two paragraphs to begin to address the first outline sentence. Notice that the essay begins without referring to itself. It is better to tell the reader what the essay will be about and how the topic will be addressed than to meander around stupidly at the beginning of an essay, but it is still better to grab the reader’s attention immediately without beating around the bush. 花了两段话才开始处理第一个大纲句子。请注意，文章开头并没有提及自身。最好是告诉读者文章将讨论什么内容以及如何处理这个话题，而不是在文章开头愚蠢地闲逛，但更好的做法是立即抓住读者的注意力，而不是开始时就啰嗦不休。

绕弯子。

Once you have completed ten to fifteen sentences for each outline heading, you have finished your first draft. Now it is time to move to editing. 一旦你为每个大纲标题完成了十到十五个句子，你就完成了初稿。现在是时候进行编辑了。

PART SIX: EDITING AND ARRANGING OF SENTENCES WITHIN PARAGRAPHS Copy the first paragraph of your first draft here: 第六部分：段落内句子的编辑与排列

将你初稿的第一段复制到这里：

Paragraph 1: 第一段：

Now, place each sentence on its own line, so it looks like this (this example is taken from the first paragraph on capitalism, above):现在，请将每个句子放在单独的一行上，就像这样（此示例取自上文中关于资本主义的第一段）：

Something as complex as capitalism cannot be easily defined. Different authors have each offered their opinion. 像资本主义这样复杂的东西不容易定义。

不同的作者都提出了他们的观点。

Liberal or conservative thinkers stress the importance of private property and the ownership rights that accompany such property as key to capitalism (REFERENCE, 19XX). 自由派或保守派思想家强调私有财产及其伴随的所有权对资本主义至关重要（参考文献，19XX年）。

Such private property (including valuable goods and the means by which they are produced) can be traded, freely,with other property owners, in a market where the price is set by public demand,rather than by any central agency. 这种私人财产（包括有价值的商品和生产这些商品的手段）可以在市场上自由地与其他财产所有者进行交易，价格由公众需求决定，而不是由任何中央机构设定。

Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality, and consider profit the motive for efficiency. 自由派和保守派思想家强调生产的效率以及质量，并认为利润是效率的动机。

They believe that lower cost is a desirable feature of production, and that fair competition helps ensure desirably lower prices. 他们认为降低成本是生产中的一个理想特性，而公平竞争有助于确保价格保持在理想的低水平。

Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality, and consider profit the motive for efficiency.自由派和保守派思想家强调生产的效率以及质量，并认为利润是效率的动机。

Liberal and conservative thinkers alike stress the importance of quality and efficiency, and see them as properly rewarded by profit. 自由派和保守派思想家同样强调质量和效率的重要性，并认为它们应当通过利润得到适当的回报。

In this example, the meaning of the sentence has been changed slightly, during the rewrite. It maybe that the second sentence flows better than the first, and is also more precise and meaningful. See if you can make each sentence you have written better, in a similar manner:在这个例子中，句子的意思在改写过程中略有改变。可能第二个句子比第一个更流畅，也更精确且 看看你是否能以类似的方式，让你写的每个句子变得更有意义。

. Better would mean shorter and simpler (as all unnecessary words should be eliminated). There is almost nothing a novice writer can do that will improve his or her writing more rapidly than writing very short sentences. See if you can cut the length of each sentence by 15-25%. Remember, earlier, you tried to make your essay longer than necessary. Here you can start cleaning it up. 更好意味着更短更简单（因为所有不必要的词都应该被省略）。

几乎没有什么比写非常短的句子更能迅速提高新手作家的写作水平了。看看你是否能剪掉……

将每个句子的长度缩短15-25%。记住，之前你尝试让你的文章比必要的更长。现在你可以开始清理它。

. Better would mean that each word is precisely and exactly the right word. Don’t be tempted to use any word that you would be uncomfortable to use in spoken conversation. Often, new writers try to impress their readers with their vocabulary. This often backfires when words are used that are technically correct but whose connotation is not, or that are unsuitable within the context of the sentence, paragraph or full essay. An expert writer will spot such flaws immediately, and see them for what they are: forms of camouflage and deception. Write clearly at a vocabulary level you have mastered (with maybe a bit of stretching, to produce improvement). 更好意味着每个词都是精确且恰到好处的正确词汇。不要试图使用任何你在口语中会感到不舒服的词汇。

对话中，新作家常常试图用他们的词汇给读者留下深刻印象。但当使用那些在技术上是正确的，但其

内涵并不是，或者在句子的上下文中不适当，

段落或完整的文章。专业作家会立刻发现这些缺陷，并且看清它们的本质：伪装和欺骗的形式。要写得清晰，在一个

你已经掌握的词汇水平（或许稍微有点难度，以促进提高）。

Read each sentence aloud, and listen to how it sounds. If it’s awkward, see if you can say it a different, better way. Listen to what you said, and then write it down. Rewrite each sentence. Once you have done this with all the sentences, read the old versions and the new versions, and replace the old with the new if the new is better. Then copy the new paragraph here: 大声朗读每个句子，听听它的发音。如果读起来拗口，看看你是否能用另一种更好的方式说出来。听听你所说的内容，然后把它写下来。重新写每个

一旦你对所有句子都这样做了，阅读旧版本和新版本，如果新版本更好就用新的替换旧的。然后复制新的

这里是一段文字：

New paragraph 1: Repeat for each paragraph: New paragraph 2: New paragraph 3: New paragraph 4: New paragraph 5 (etc.): 新段落1：

对每个段落重复操作：

新段落2：

新段落3：

新的第四段：

新的第五段（等等）：

Now you are going to try to improve each of those paragraphs. Copy them again here, unchanged (you are doing this so that you can easily compare the improved paragraphs to the originals, so that you can be sure they are truly improved, before you keep them):现在你将尝试改进这些段落中的每一个。再次将它们复制到这里， 未更改（您这样做是为了能够轻松地将改进后的段落与原文进行比较，以便在保留它们之前确保它们确实得到了改善）：

New paragraph 1 (copy): New paragraph 2 (copy): New paragraph 3 (copy): New paragraph 4 (copy): New paragraph 5 (copy) (etc.): 新段落1（复制）：

新段落2（复制）：

新段落3（复制）：

新段落4（复制）：

新段落5（复制）（等等）：

Start with paragraph 1. Break it up into single sentences, as you did before. Now check to see if the sentences are in the best possible order, within each paragraph. Drag and drop them, or cut and paste them, into better order. 从第一段开始。像之前一样，将其分解成单个句子。现在检查一下这些句子在每个段落内是否是最佳顺序。拖放它们，或剪切并粘贴它们，以排列成更好的顺序。

You can also eliminate sentences that are no longer necessary. When you are satisfied with the first paragraph (which means that the sentences are necessary, short and punchy, and in the correct order) thengo ahead to the next paragraph and do the same thing. 你也可以删去那些不再必要的句子。当你对第一段感到满意时（这意味着句子是必需的、简短有力，并且顺序正确），那么继续前往下一段，并做同样的事情。

PART SEVEN: RE-ORDERING THE PARAGRAPHS Now, copy all of the new, improved paragraphs that you have edited here: New improved paragraph 1: New improved paragraph 2: New improved paragraph 3: New improved paragraph 4: New improved paragraph 5 (etc.): 第七部分：重新排序段落

现在，请将你编辑过的所有新的、改进的段落复制到这里：

新改进的第一段：

新改进的第二段：

新改进的第三段：

新改进的第四段：

新改进的第五段（等等）：

Now you are going to try to improve the order of those new, improved paragraphs. Copy them here, again, unchanged. 现在你将尝试改善这些新的、改进后段落的顺序。再次将它们复制到这里，不做任何改变。

New improved paragraph 1 (copy): New improved paragraph 2 (copy): New improved paragraph 3 (copy): New improved paragraph 4 (copy): New improved paragraph 5 (copy) (etc.): Now look at the order of the paragraphs themselves (as you just did with the sentences within each paragraph). It may well be that by now in the editing process, you will find that the order of the subtopics within your original outline is no longer precisely appropriate, 新改进的第一段（复制）：

新改进的第二段（复制）：

新改进的第三段（复制）：

新改进的第四段（复制）：

新改进的第五段（副本）（等等）：

现在看一下段落本身的顺序（就像你刚才观察句子的顺序一样）

在每个段落内）。很可能到了现在的编辑过程中，你会发现原始大纲中子话题的顺序已经不再完全适当，

and that some re-ordering of those sub-topics is called for. So, move around the new improved paragraph (copies) above, until they are ordered more appropriately than they were.并且需要对这些子话题进行一些重新排序。所以，移动新的 改进了上面的段落（副本），直到它们的排序比之前更加合适。

PART EIGHT: GENERATING A NEW OUTLINE第八部分：生成新大纲

So now you should have produced a pretty decent second draft. You have identified the appropriate sources, written the proper notes, outlined your argument, roughed in a first draft (paragraph by paragraph), rewritten your sentences to make them more elegant, and re-ordered those sentences, as well as the paragraphs themselves. This is much farther than most writers ever get. You may even think you’refinished – but you’re not. 那么现在你应该已经完成了一个相当不错的第二稿。你已经识别出了

适当的资料来源，撰写恰当的笔记，概述你的论点，初步草拟了第一版（逐段落），重写你的句子使其更加优雅，并且重新排序这些句子，以及段落本身。这已经远远超出了。

比大多数作家所能得到的还要多。你甚至可能认为你已经完成了——但你并没有。

The nextstep will take you from a “B” essay to an “A” essay. It may even help you write something that is better than you have ever produced (better meaning richer in information, precise, coherent, elegant and beautiful). Copy what you have written so far here: FULL RE-ORDERED ESSAY HERE 下一步将帮助你将一篇”B”级作文提升为”A”级作文。它甚至可能帮助你写出比你以往任何作品都更好的东西（更好意味着在内容上更为丰富的）。

信息，精确，连贯，优雅和美丽。将你到目前为止所写的内容复制在这里：

完整重新排序的文章在此

Read it. Then go to the next page. 阅读它。然后翻到下一页。

This part of the process will probably strike you as unnecessary, or annoying, or both, but what do you know? This is the step that separates the men from the boys, or the women from the boys, or the men from the girls, or whatever version of this saying is acceptably non-sexist and politically correct. 这个过程的这一部分你可能会觉得没必要，或者烦人，或者两者兼有，但你又了解多少呢？这一步是区分成熟与不成熟的关键，无论是男性还是女性，或者其他任何不带性别歧视且政治正确的说法。

You have just finished reading your essay. Try now to write a new outline often to fifteen sentences. Don’t look back at your essay while you are doing this. If you have to, go back andre-read the whole thing, and then return to this page, but don’t look at your essay while you are rewriting the outline. If you force yourself to reconstruct your argument from memory, you will likely improve it. Generally, when you remember something, you simplify it, while retaining most of what is important. Thus, your memory can serve as a filter, removing what is useless and preserving and organizing what is vital. What you are doing now is distilling what you have written to its essence.你刚刚读完了你的文章。现在尝试写一个新的大纲，经常到十五次。 在做这个时候，不要回头看你的文章。如果必须要回头看，那就重新阅读整篇文章，然后再回到这一页，但在重写提纲时不要看你的文章。如果你强迫自己依靠记忆重构你的论点，你很可能会改进它。通常，当你记住某件事时，你会简化它，同时保留大部分重要内容。因此，你的记忆可以作为一个过滤器， 去除无用之物，保留并整理至关重要的内容。你现在正在做的是将你所写的内容提炼至其精髓。

Write new outline here: 在此处撰写新大纲：

New outline sentence 1: 新大纲句子1：

New outline sentence 2: 新大纲句子2：

New outline sentence 3: 新大纲句子3：

New outline sentence 4: 新大纲句子4：

New outline sentence 5: 新大纲句子5：

New outline sentence 6: 新大纲句子6：

New outline sentence 7: 新大纲句子7：

New outline sentence 8: 新大纲句子8：

New outline sentence 9: 新大纲句子9：

New outline sentence 10 (repeat if necessary):新大纲句子10（如有必要，重复）

Now that you have a new outline, you can cut and paste material from your previous essay. To do this, open up a new Word document beside this one. Then cut and paste the new outline that you have written into the new Word document. Return to the original document, and scroll up to the full, re-ordered essay you copied and pasted into Part Eight, above. Then cut and paste from there-ordered essay into your new outline. You may find that you don’t need everything you wrote before. Don’t be afraid to throw unnecessary material away. You are trying to get rid of what is substandard, and leave only what is necessary. 现在你有了一个新的大纲，你可以从之前的论文中剪切和粘贴材料。为此，请在这个文档旁边打开一个新的Word文档。然后剪切并粘贴新

将你写的大纲复制到新的Word文档中。返回到原始

请将文档滚动至上方第八部分你复制粘贴的完整、重新排序的文章。然后从重新排序的文章中剪切并粘贴到你的新提纲中。

你可能会发现你之前写的东西并非全部都需要。不要害怕丢弃。

你正在尝试去除不必要的材料。你试图摒弃低标准的东西，只留下必需的部分。

Once you have finished cutting and pasting your old material into the new outline, then copy the new essay, and paste it into a new word document. That will be your final essay. Don’t forget to put a title page on it. 一旦你完成了将旧材料剪切和粘贴到新大纲中，然后复制新的文章，并将其粘贴到一个新的Word文档中。那将是你的最终论文。不要忘记为它加上标题页。

PASTE NEWLY OUTLINED ESSAY HERE: 在此粘贴新概述的论文：

PART NINE: REPEAT Now you have a third draft, and it’s probably pretty good. If you really want to take it to the next level, then you can repeat the process of sentence rewriting andre-ordering, as well as paragraph re-ordering andre-outlining. Often it is a good idea to wait a few days to do this, so that you can look at what you have produced with fresh eyes. Then you will be able to see what you have written, instead of seeing what you think you wrote (which is the case when you try to edit immediately after producing).第九部分：重复 现在你有了第三稿，它可能已经相当不错了。如果你真的想将它提升到一个新的水平，那么你可以重复句子改写和重新排序的过程，以及段落重新排序和重新构思的过程。通常，最好是等上几天再做这些，这样你就可以用一双新鲜的眼睛来审视你所创作的内容。然后你将能够 看到你所写的内容，而不是你认为你写了什么（这种情况发生在你尝试在写作完毕后立即进行编辑时）。

You are not genuinely finished until you cannot edit so that your essay improves. Generally, you can tell if this has happened when you try to rewrite a sentence (or a paragraph) and you are not sure that the new version is an improvement over the original. 你其实没有真正完成，直到你无法通过编辑来改善你的文章。通常，当你尝试重写一个句子（或一个段落）并且

你不确定新版本是否比原版有所改进。

PART TEN: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY When you write a sentence that contains what is supposed to be a factor at least an informed opinion,and you have picked it up from something you read, then you have to refer to that source. Otherwise, following convention, people may accuse you of plagiarism, which is a form of theft (of intellectual property). There area large number of conventions that you can follow to properly structure your references and your bibliography (which is a list of books and articles that you have read to obtain relevant background information, but from which you may not have drawn any ideas specific enough to require a reference).第十部分：参考文献和书目 当你写一个句子，里面包含了至少应该是一个因素的内容时， 如果这是一个见解，并且你是从你读过的东西中得到的，那么你必须 请参考那个来源。否则，按照惯例，人们可能会指控你抄袭，这是一种盗窃（知识产权）的形式。有很多规范可以让你正确地构建你的参考文献和书目（这是一个你为了获得相关背景信息而阅读的书籍和文章的列表，但你可能没有从中抽取任何特定的想法需要引用）。

The conventions of the American Psychological Association (APA) are commonly used by essay writers. This convention generally requires the use of the last names of the authors of the source in parentheses after the sentence requiring a reference. For example: 美国心理学会（APA）的惯例通常被

论文作者。这个惯例通常要求在需要引用的句子后的括号中使用来源作者的姓氏。例如：

It is necessary to add a reference after a sentence containing an opinionwhich is not your own, or a fact that you have acquired from some source material (Peterson,2014). 在包含非你本人观点的句子后面，或者你从某些来源材料中获取的事实后面，必须加上参考文献（彼得森，2014）。

This sentence could also be constructed like this: Peterson (2014) claims that it is necessary to add a reference after a sentence containing an opinionwhich is not your own, or a fact that you have acquired from some source material. 这个句子也可以这样构造：

彼得森（2014）声称在句子后面添加一个参考文献是必要的

包含了一个不是你自己的观点，或者你从某些资料来源获得的事实。

There are also many conventions covering the use of a direct quote, which have to be followed when you directly quote someone, rather than paraphrasing them. Here is an example, adding the specific (fictional) number of the page containing the quoted material in the original manuscript: 还有许多关于直接引用使用的规定需要遵守

当你直接引用某人的话，而不是转述他们的话时，应该遵循的。这里是一个

例如，在原始手稿中添加包含引用材料的特定（虚构的）页码：

Peterson (2014,p. 19) claims that “the conventions of the American Psychological Association (APA) are commonly used by essay writers. ” In the Reference List, at the end of the essay, Peterson’s paper might be listed, as follows (this is a fictional reference): Peterson,J.B. (2014). Essay writing for writers. Journal of Essay Writing, 01, 15-24. 彼得森（2014年，第19页）声称：“美国心理学会（APA）的规范通常被论文作者所使用。”

在文章末尾的参考文献列表中，彼得森的论文可能会按照以下方式列出（这是一个虚构的参考文献）：

彼得森，J.B. (2014)。作家的论文写作。论文写作杂志，01，15-24。

Different conventions hold for different types of source material such as webpages, books, and articles. All the details regarding APA style can be found at http://www.apastyle.org/ Your instructor may have recommended, or demanded, use of a different set of conventions. Information about other techniques and rules can be found at http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/general. 不同类型的源材料，如网页、书籍和文章，有不同的约定。关于APA格式的所有细节可以在http://www.apastyle.org/找到。

您的教练可能已经推荐或要求使用一套不同的约定。有关其他技术和规则的信息可以在以下位置找到

http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/general.

It is necessary to master at least one convention. The rules are finicky and annoying. 至少要掌握一种约定。规则是挑剔且烦人的。

However, they are necessary, so that readers know what writers are up to. Furthermore, you only have to learn them once, so bite the bullet and do it. 然而，它们是必需的，这样读者才能知道作者在做什么。此外，你只需要学习一次，所以咬紧牙关去做吧。

Copy your essay here again.请再次将你的论文复制到这里。

Add references where they are necessary. Then, add your reference list to the end of your essay. Make sure you construct both according to APA convention, or some other set of rules. YOUR COMPLETED ESSAY 在必要的地方添加参考文献。然后，将你的参考文献列表加到你的论文末尾。确保你根据APA规范或其他一些规则来构建它们。

你完成的论文

Now your essay is completed. Now you need to copy it into a new Word document, and format it properly.现在你的论文已经完成了。现在你需要将其复制到一个新的Word文档中，并正确地进行格式设置。

That generally means double-spaced, with a title page, with a five space tab indent at the beginning of each paragraph. If you want to add subtitles, or section headers, their use is discussed in detail at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ . Additional useful information for style, including examples, can be found at http://bit.ly/ZC5eFV . A video discussing such matters is available at http://bit.ly/ZpX1nR . 这通常意味着双倍行距，带有标题页，在每段的开头使用五个空格的缩进。如果你想添加副标题或章节标题，它们的使用在https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ 有详细讨论。关于样式的额外有用信息，包括示例，可以在http://bit.ly/ZC5eFV 找到。一个讨论此类事宜的视频可在http://bit.ly/ZpX1nR 观看。

If you got this far, good work. If you write a number of essays using this process, you will find that your thinking will become richer and clearer, and so will your conversation. There is nothing more vital to becoming educated, and there is nothing more vital than education to your future, and the future of those around you. 如果你已经做到了这一步，干得好。如果你用这个过程写了一些文章，你将

你会发现你的思考会变得更加丰富和清晰，你的对话也会如此。成为一个受过教育的人没有什么比这更重要，对你的未来以及你周围人的未来来说，没有什么比教育更重要。

Good luck with your newly organized and refreshed mind. 祝你在新整理、焕然一新的思绪中好运。